Source identification for fine aerosols in Mammoth Cave National Park   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Weixiang Zhao  Philip K. Hopke   《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):309-322

In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the chemical composition data of the ambient PM_2.5 collected at the Mammoth Cave National Park, an IMPROVE site in Kentucky. Eight individual carbon fractions, four organic carbons (OCs), pyrolyzed organic carbon (OP) and three elemental carbons (ECs), were provided to the analysis. Nine sources including the well-distinguished gasoline emission and diesel emission were identified. Also, the back trajectories indicated the crustal factor in this study were likely caused by Saharan dust storms in the summer. The apportionment of nine sources was: gasoline emission (6.7%), diesel emission (3.1%), summer secondary sulfate (49.0%), winter secondary sulfate (0.6%), OP-rich secondary sulfate (16.2%), secondary nitrate (2.8%), Intercontinental dust plus soil (4.9%), wood smoke (13.6%), and aged sea salt (3.2%). The results of this study will help regularize the pollution control strategies in rural areas of Kentucky and upper mid-western US while demonstrating the feasibility of applying carbon fractions to the source apportionment of rural upper-Midwestern areas.  相似文献   

春季南半球环状模与长江流域夏季降水的关系：Ⅰ 基本事实   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

南素兰  李建平 《气象学报》2005,63(6):837-846

利用统计方法对春季(4~5月)南半球环状模(SAM)与夏季(6~8月)中国降水的关系作了分析,发现春季南半球环状模指数(SAMI)与夏季长江中下游降水之间存在显著的正相关关系。春季SAM偏强的同期对流层下层在欧亚大陆存在一以蒙古高原和天山山脉为中心的异常反气旋对,从中国东北到华南中纬度地区均为异常的偏北气流控制。这种环流异常形式可以持续到夏季并加强,致使东亚夏季风减弱;春季SAM偏强,夏季西太平洋副热带高压西部脊强度加强,位置偏西,这些异常环流都有利于长江中下游地区降水偏多。另外,春季SAM偏强,夏季长江中下游地区水汽含量增大,向上的垂直运动得到加强,为该地区降水偏多提供了基本的水汽条件。春季SAM偏弱时,夏季东亚大气环流和水汽条件相反。因此,春季SAM为夏季长江中下游汛期降水提供了一有用的前期信号。  相似文献   

Source identification of PM_2.5 in an arid Northwest U.S. City by positive matrix factorization   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eugene Kim  Timothy V. Larson  Philip K. Hopke  Chris Slaughter  Lianne E. Sheppard  Candis Claiborn 《Atmospheric Research》2003,66(4):291-305

Spokane, WA is prone to frequent particulate pollution episodes due to dust storms, biomass burning, and periods of stagnant meteorological conditions. Spokane is the location of a long-term study examining the association between health effects and chemical or physical constituents of particulate pollution. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to deduce the sources of PM_2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) at a residential site in Spokane from 1995 through 1997. A total of 16 elements in 945 daily PM_2.5 samples were measured. The PMF results indicated that seven sources independently contribute to the observed PM_2.5 mass: vegetative burning (44%), sulfate aerosol (19%), motor vehicle (11%), nitrate aerosol (9%), airborne soil (9%), chlorine-rich source (6%) and metal processing (3%). Conditional probability functions were computed using surface wind data and the PMF deduced mass contributions from each source and were used to identify local point sources. Concurrently measured carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides were correlated with the PM_2.5 from both motor vehicles and vegetative burning.  相似文献   

LiMn_2O_4的溶液─凝胶─酯化法合成反应机制          下载免费PDF全文

尉继英  孙长敏  高海春 《盐湖研究》1997,(1)

本文以溶胶─凝胶─酯化法合成LiMn2O4尖晶石粉体材料，用FT—IR、TG—DTA以及XRD研究了LiMn2O4的形成机制。整个反应过程可分为凝胶的形成和干凝胶的分解两阶段，前体物在液相中经络合、酯化、聚合而形成凝胶，不同的投料Li／Mn（摩尔比）值使凝胶分解形成LiMn2O4经历不同的反应历程，也使产物具有不同的物相组成。  相似文献   

正定矩阵一维三角分解法及其应用   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

黑志坚 《测绘工程》1999,8(2):46-49

由文献［１］知,正定矩阵三角分解后,下三角阵中各元素在阵中的位置具有一定的分布规律,为此可将矩阵中用二维形式表示的诸元素利用位置函数表示为一维形式,文献［１］中所有利用下三角阵各元素进行计算的公式也都可表示为一维形式,使程序设计简单易行。  相似文献   

Approximation of harmonic covariance functions on the sphere by non-harmonic locally supported functions     

G. Moreaux  C. C. Tscherning  F. Sanso 《Journal of Geodesy》1999,73(10):555-567

Three methods to construct positive definite functions with compact support for the approximation of general geophysical harmonic covariance functions are presented. The theoretical background is given and simulations carried out, for three types of covariance functions associated with the determination of the anomalous gravity potential from gravity anomalies. The results are compared with those of the finite covariance function of Sansò and Schuh (1987). Received: 24 September 1998 / Accepted: 25 June 1999  相似文献   

Observations of NO2 and O3 during thunderstorm activity using visible spectroscopy     

D.B. Jadhav  A.L. Londhe  S. Bose 《大气科学进展》1996,13(3):359-374

Simultaneous observations for the total column densities of NO2, O3 and H2O were carried on using the porta-ble Spectrometer (438-450 nm and 400-450 nm) and the visible Spectrometer (544.4-628 nm) during premonsoon thunderstorms and embedded hail storm activity at Pune (18o32’N & 73o51’E), India. These observations confirm the fact that there is an increase in O3 and NO2 column densities during thunderstorms. The increase in O3 was observed following onset of thunderstorm, while the increase in NO2 was observed only after the thunder flashes occur. This implies that the production mechanisms for O3 and NO2 in thunderstorm are different. The observed column density of NO2 value (1 to 3 × 1017molecules · cm-2) during thunderstorm activity is 10 to 30 times higher than the value (1 × 1016molecules · cm-2) of a normal day total column density. The spectrometric observations and observations of thunder flashes by electric field meter showed that 6.4 × 1025molecules / flash of NO2 are produced. The increased to-tal column density of ozone during thunderstorm period is 1.2 times higher than normal (clear) day ozone concentra-tion. The multiple scattering in the clouds is estimated from H2O and O2 absorption bands in the visible spectral re-gion. Considering this effect the calculated amount of ozone added in the global atmosphere due to thunderstorm ac-tivity is 0.26 to 0.52 DU, and the annual production of ozone due to thunderstorm activity is of the order of 4.02 × 1037 molecules /year. The annual NO2 production may be of the order of 2.02 × 1035molecules / year.  相似文献   

利用共轭梯度法的电阻率三维反演研究   总被引：72，自引：22，他引：50  

吴小平  徐果明 《地球物理学报》2000,43(3):420-427

利用共轭梯度（ＣＧ）迭代技术,实现了直流电阻率测量数据的三维最小构造反演。 首先,运用共轭梯度迭代算法解反问题的线性方程组,只需求Ｊａｃｏｂｉａｎ矩阵Ｇ与任一向量ｘ的 乘积Ｇｘ及Ｇ^Ｔ与任何一向量ｙ的乘积Ｇ^Ｔｙ,再引入Ｇ的Ｒｏｄｉ算法,则Ｇｘ及Ｇ^Ｔｙ均可在每次反 演迭代中的一次正演计算后一并求得．因此,每次反演迭代仅需一次正演计算,大大加快了 计算速度;而且避免了直接求 Ｇ以及 Ｇ^ＴＧ的逆矩阵,也避免了存储 Ｇ和 Ｇ^ＴＧ所需庞大的存储 量。另外,由于反演参数太多,求模型光滑约束的最小构造反演能够有效地消除多余构造信 息,得到可靠的反演结果。将这３种方法和技术融合于三维反演中,取得了好的反演效果．为 改进传统最小构造反演收敛慢的问题,还提出了一种新的反演迭代技术,仅需１０次左右甚至 更少迭代即可收敛。  相似文献   

基于ArcGIS的新疆雷电灾害风险区划研究     

王延慧  张建涛  周斌  叶文军  黄晓露  钱勇 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2019,13(6):96-104

为了明确不同区县雷电灾害风险的高低程度、防御措施和减轻雷灾损失,利用地闪资料、雷电灾情数据、社会经济资料和地理信息数据,采取归一化法、层次分析法和加权综合评价法,考虑致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的敏感性和承灾体的易损性3个评价指标,选择地闪密度、地闪强度、海拔高度、地形起伏、地表覆盖类型、人口密度、地均GDP、生命损失指数、经济损失指数和耕地比重等10个影响因子建立雷电灾害区划模型,绘制出新疆雷电灾害风险区划图。结果表明:雷电灾害风险极高区主要集中在阿勒泰地区北部、塔城地区大部、博州、伊犁州、喀什市和天山北坡经济带南部部分地区,而古尔班通古特沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区属于一般风险区。通过与新疆历史雷电灾情数据比较发现,雷电灾情次数空间分布与风险区划分布趋势大致吻合。  相似文献   

Luminosity characteristics of leaders in natural cloud-to-ground lightning flashes     

Yijun Zhang  Weitao Lu  Jun Li  Wansheng Dong  Dong Zheng  Shaodong Chen   《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):326-332

Using high-speed cameras, we have recorded the leaders contained in four natural negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes in the summers of 2006 and 2007 at Conghua, Guangdong, China. It was found that the downward negative leaders preceding the first return stroke could propagate at quite different speeds. In one flash, the average speed of the downward negative stepped leader with no branches is about 2.2 × 10⁶ m s^− 1, while that of the other 3 flashes are all of the order of 10⁵ m s^− 1 with multilevel branches. The luminosity of the leaders shows an increasing tendency in propagating downward to the ground. For the leaders preceding the subsequent strokes, although all of them exhibit high speeds as reported previously. One subsequent leader exhibits an increasing speed from 5.2 × 10⁵ m s^− 1 to 1.7 × 10⁶ m s^− 1 during its propagation from about 1.26 to 0.36 km above the ground, and its luminosity also increased. The speed and luminosity of a leader between subsequent strokes of a natural lightning appear to decrease as it developed downward. Its speed ranges from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 1.1 × 10⁵ m s^− 1, with a height between 1.15 and 0.81 km above the ground.  相似文献